Hand Tools transcript

hello my name is Robert Smitty Smith and I'll be your instructor in the shop here in 141 in engineering Tower and this little video here I'm going to discuss basic hand tools and identify them so that the new people to shop work will have an idea of what we're talking about when we send you after Pacific 2 and make it clear what some of these are used for and what they are not used for so first of all if you go back to absolute Basics probably the first two that a caveman had was a club to beat something with so we'll start down here with hammers and if you look at this small array of hammer you'll see that we have a small and a medium size of this one particular style this is called a ball pen hammer and this is your basic shop Hammer now most people think of a hammer they think of this Hammer here this is a carpenter's hammer it has a claw for extracting Nails that's why it's called a Carpenters Hammer sometimes a framing hammer or a claw hammer is this most common term this is a these two are nonm Maring hammers they have this has plastic tip on one end rubber tip on another this one's all plastic this is for knocking things without denting them and Maring them up the ball pain Hammer you have a flat striking surface on one end and you have a ball on the other amazing how that works out so maybe that's how it got its name from that ball in which is used to peen metal Look up the word peen you should know what pening is now basic tools Hammers and they are used to uh strike with and one of the main things they strike is this tool right here this is called a centering punch it has a Harden sharp tip and when you have a line drawn and you want to drill a hole in a specific spot you take this you put place the tip on your mark you take a hammer and you moderately strike it like that that will put a dimple into the metal the plastic the wood whatever you're working with that way when you have a drill you and you insert the drill it can fit into that little Dipple and not walk around that gives you a lot more accuracy when you get to drilling holes and that is a centering punch there are other kind of punches but we don't have them out here this is the one you mean to mainly be concerned with this is a machinist Square it is for checking things to see if they are square with a surface or for drawing if you put this across something you could Mark a square line perpendicular to the long axis and what you would mark it with if you if it's a surface that doesn't lend itself to be written on will be this tool here which is known as a scribe it has a 90° sharpened point on one end and a straight point on the other so if you have a straight edge and you wanted to Mark a straight line you could use the 90 place it against the straight edge and Pull and it should scratch a straight line in the middle as a reference line for Mark marking your layout projects so you have those tools now you'll also be using files small files larger files for shaping and removing metal this tool here is called a comb a file comb when the files become embedded with softer metal and material they tend to clog up the cutting serrations and use use this this is nothing more than a a wooden board with lots and lots of little wire embedded into it and it works in One Direction you can go across the file and the wire will remove just like combing out your hair this will comb out the stuck particles on a file so you use the small files for fine detail work making sharp corners and holes and things like that and on very small scale stuff and use larger files for the larger things now so that brings us over to drills making holes you need to use a drill we will be using a drill press and electric hand drills electric hand drills have a lot more torque than their battery counterparts you will also have access to drill sets this is the drill set you'll have access to this row is wire gauge size 1 through 60 there's a these drill bits conform to a certain standard of wire gauges and their decimal equivalent is marked just below them over on this side are letter drills there's a certain standard for drills that are in letter sizes a b c d e FG Etc then over here we have the fractional sizes half inch is the largest 1/16th is the smallest and all the fractions down to 116 usually by6 so there are three different standards and you have all three of them here out of these three you should be able to make any diameter hole up two and including a 1 and2 inch these are specialty drills these are called Step drills I'll hold it against my shirt here you can see there a series of increasing or decreasing steps as I go up this is the tip it has a regular drill bit point it penetrates then it drills up to this one and then it has a cutting edge here these are are most useful for drilling in Plastics and very thin soft sheet metal and that kind of thing rather than this type of twist drill this will not deform your thin sheet metal and it gives you the ability to with to change sizes without having to change drills this is a counter syncing tool and that way if you bore a hole in a piece of metal and the entrance and the exit part of that hole can be rough you put this in your drill and you spin it and insert it and it takes it RS the edge of the hole and makes it nice and smooth this tool right here is a hand Ramer it has a little swivel tip so you can insert it in a hole drag it around and it will cut that little sharp edge that's left this is called a tapered Ramer this is for enlarging a hole that's a little bit too small you can't quite get your Fastener to go through it so you insert this hand rer and then slowly twist it clockwise The Cutting flutes are designed to cut on the clockwise twist and that will slightly enlarge the hole so your Fastener can then go in now you drill holes and you may want to put threads in those holes these are Taps these are what cut threads into a hole in a material a hole has to be drilled of a very very specific diameter if the hole is too small then this thing will bind up and not go in of course if you make the hole too large then the cutting edges can't touch the sides properly and can't cut the sides we have charts that'll be on the wall that will tell you if you want a specific hole for example a 1032 then go get a certain drill bit drill that hole then you take your drill after you've removed your drill you take a tap this is a tap holder and turning handle it has Jaws that come together the Taps have square edges you hold it in like this crank it down tighten it now this allows you to insert the nose into a hole lubricate the T lubricate The Cutting threads with lubricant and you're able to turn it and cut through threads in the material we will show you more in detail how to do that this is just to show you what the equipment is this particular Workshop so that's Taps that's a tap handle okay now these are a certain class of hand tools we're getting into another class of hand tools called drivers this is these are all drivers see the handles that rer is also a driver a driver means it's used by the hand and driven by the hand exclusively these are screw drivers they're T designed to turn screw Fasteners and if you look at the tip you will see that it's a straight blade so that's for a straight slided screws these have a cross tip point now that's known as a Phillips tip the most common size is this size right here is a number number two that is what almost all the Fasteners in the home and a lot in industri begin with the number two if you go smaller that's a number one if you go smaller than that that's a zero if you go very very small like an Electronics work that would be a z0 then z00 Z so to go smaller you increase the number of zeros if that's a number two and this is the next size up logically that's a number three and this even larger size is a number four so that's the way it work the standard everyday size is a two and then if you go down one zero a double zero triple 0er Etc and then they can go up until very large sizes this is another driver you will see in automotive applications quite a bit and in Industry if you if the camera can zoom in on it it is a spline drive it has a series of splin and it's inserted into a Fastener that has a female socket that has matching splines the brand name is a torque drive now we I should talk a little bit about what makes a lot of tools confusing why some people will call one two one thing same two will have a completely different name is that there's manufacturers names and Brands and then there's the basic name of the twool this is a driver this is a family of drivers this is an adjustable wrench it is not a crescent wrench or a Craftsman's wrench that's a brand some people may ask you to bring them a crescent wrench they're talking about a brand when they say that so they're families of tools that and generic terms for them that Engineers should use the generic term rather than the brand name if someone said go get me a Pepsi you know instantly they mean a Pepsi Cola but the the generic term would be go get me a Cola please if you say Pepsi then you're being brand specific same way with tools if you say a a craft go get me a u a a pair of Vice scripts that's these units right here that's the brand if you look right there it'll say vpt strips on them what these are are locking pliers they have a mechanical locking mechanism that squeezes them shut and holds them shut the brand is VI scrips and there's they hold held the patents on that and it became almost common knowledge and an interchangeable term with locking pliers the correct engineering term locking pliers all right this wrench right here this was one of the early early wrenches in a slightly modified form today's name for this wrench is a plumbers pipe wrench it has serrated teeth on the jaws and the people that use this are people that work with pipe and have to thread pipe together the serrated Jaws as the thing is rotated grab the outside of the pipe and rotate it now if you didn't have the serrated Jaws if you had flat Jaws you would have what's known as a stilson wrench sometimes these are incorrectly called stilson wrenches or monkey wrenches they are neither they are pipe wrenches if they have serrated Jaws if they have no serrated Jaws they are an adjustable wrench this is an adjustable wrench the angle is just changed from perpendicular I to the long axis to angled off the long axis that's an adjustable wrench that's an adjustable wrench and beginners tend to love adjustable wrenches because you have many sizes in one so you don't have to go back and get a specific size however these are for moderate torque and low torque applications if you really put a lot of torque on a Fastener with these they will tend to damage the faster round off the Jaws will spread you should use a correct size open-end wrench this is an open-end wrench show you how the this is just some out of my set this is an inch and 3/4 across look at this little one this is a 5 millimeter adjustable wrench but these are all wrenches and that's an open-end wrench that's an open-end wrench sometimes called a double O open-end wrench because it has one set of Jaws on one end another set of Jaws on the other these happen to be the same size but look at the angle relative to the long axis they're two different angles this AIDS in turning Fasteners that are in Clos quarters same way with this one this is a double open-ended wrench and it has different offsets on the long axis probably the most common wrench is a combination of open in box in Clos Loop box in because you have the best of both worlds open in are for up to moderate size torque because the engagement is on two flanks only if you really put a lot of torque on tightening a Fastener you can round off the edges but when you have a high torque application you want to go to a box in wrench because you have engagement all the way way around this is a 12o box in this is a double box in and notice the offset wrenches can come in different offsets and as you can see this is the same size as this wrench but it's a double box in has offset so it can reach into areas in equipment in Machinery that maybe this offset angle couldn't reach into here's a larger size again 12 point they also make these in Sixpoint the Sixpoint will grab a six-sided Fastener with a better grip than a 12p point this is a s we'll get over here these are some Specialties this is a double box in that's been bent it's designed to operate by reaching around an obstacle and get on a fast and turn it one of the great advantages of the 12p point is because the gripping surfaces are so close together you can reorientate the wrench with only a few degrees of difference so you can regrab the Fastener turn it slightly regrab it turn it when you can't get a full swing if you can get a full swing a six point is superior now this one is a hybrid between a full box end and an open end as you notice they've they've used part of the Box end to reach further around than this one will but the reason for that cutout this is also called A fitting wrench for hydraulic fittings this can reach over a hydraulic line can pass through that opening and then the wrench can slide down on a nut on a hydraulic pump and tighten the fitting and it grips better than an open-end Fastener of the same size so that is the basic wrench family there now let's move up into a very special area of wrenches here we have these are called sockets these are handles that fit sockets if the handle has a mechanism for rotation it is called a ratchet because inside is a gear and a spring-loaded pole that will go in and catch hear the clicks as it goes around it will go one click and stop go one click and stop so you can turn it swing it back apply torque bring it until the handle hits an instruction and then swing it back you don't have to take it off reorientate it put it back on like you would have to do with this this has no ratcheting mechanism but it's capable of of transmitting a lot more torque than the racket me R ratchet type mechanism which can break this is called this is you might call this a plane handle it's in Industry known as a pull handle you put a socket on it and pull the handle and it will stand withstand a lot of torque so the combination together is a socket and a handle which creates a socket wrench this is known generically as a socket ratcheting socket wrench if it did not ratchet if it was on the non- rfing part it would just be a socket wrench and within this family you have sub denominations you can have sockets of the same Fastener size but you see the size of that drive and you see see the size of that drive you see the size of that drive they are discreetly known as by their drives that is the smallest which is a quarter inch Drive notice the handle is shorter it's capable of uh controlling less torque or you know handling less torque this is a 3/8 these are infractions that's a 3/8 Drive uses a larger stronger mechanism this is a/ inch drive and this is generally as large as you need for automotive use when you go to trucks bulldozers industrial Machinery you'll go to 3/4 inch dve one inch Drive and even up to I've seen as large as inch and a half drives but that's for very very massive parts for automotive use half inch Drive is generally sufficient for everything on an automobile and smaller this is an extension which will go on one of the drives to extend the reach of the socket so it can get into a deeper area than it normally could if it was mounted here also notice Sixpoint drive for maximum torque 12 point you have more choices for getting it on but the smaller teeth will hold less torque for maximum torque use a Sixpoint Drive here's the specialty it as a mechanical engineers you should want to know this the common common 99% of all sockets you'll see are 12p point or Sixpoint however there's an intermediate let the camera move in on that this is an 8o and if you notice here it's for square nuts there's still some Square nuts out there on farm equipment and in industrial equipment Square nuts are very economical to build compared to hex nuts so they are a specially uh F they're especially uh tool now because they're relatively uncommon but they are eight there are eight point socket sets for square nuts if you have any of them the last wrench we will look at is a torque wrench you've probably heard this term these come in many guises this is the simplest and most reliable of all torque wrenches this is known as a beam type you put a socket on it socket goes down on a Fastener you see here you have a scale you have a scale that goes one way you have a scale that goes the other way here it's calibrated in newton meters here is calibrated in foot-pounds of torque notice the handle rocks it has a pivoting pin in the center now the way this works is is that steel is a very very good spring material so as you generate torque tightening a Fastener as you pull on this handle and you never want to let this handle Slam against the side as you're pulling it a torque you want it to float that way the force you're transmitting and rotation goes through the this point here and you that's a known distance and that makes the reading absolutely valid so I can even Force this thing as it moves as it generates this stays still the larger beam bends and the more it deflects and bends the more torque you're generating now the proper way to tighten a Fastener with a torque wrench is that you bring it you you have a you should you have to know ahead of time what the torque limit should be on a particular Fastener in a particular material and if the thread should be lubricated and with what so you have lubricated threads usually like on an engine and then you start tightening tightening tightening and and as you as you feel the torque try to rise you don't want to pull and stop and and then start and stop and start and stop once you feel the torque starts Rising if I want to go to 35 foot- pounds I pull pull pull and I keep pulling until the indicator goes up to 35 and then I hold it on 35 for a couple of seconds make sure it stabilized and then I release the pressure then I have created a proper torque if I pull it up to 20 and stop and and sometimes you have to because the handle will hit then you you have to be careful of that because there's a starting torque involved you have to break the stion of the Fastener if it's not moving that's why once you start torquing you want to try to bring it up in one smooth move if possible and that's a torque wrench they're very simple to use and they're invaluable in Industry so now we're up to our last family family of hand tools pliers all of these you see here are pliers they can have different names common names but basically underneath these are all pliers they have a pivoting point and they have handles that are hand operated these are diagonal cutter pliers because the Jaws are ground on a diagonal I'll get a little piece of material and therefore cutting metal wire cable closer you come in the more torque you have crushing down when you're out on the tip it takes more torque here to do the same job this is one pair this is another pair just slightly different shape does the same thing here's a smaller pair that you would use for cutting wires in electronic project and another thing about using hand tools you want to scale the two for the job at hand if you were trying to cut through a piece of metal this thick you wouldn't want to use those little tiny pliers you'd want to come up here the biggest ones you have try to scale the hand tools to the size of the work you're doing these are called linesman pliers diagonal cutting pliers linesman pliers these are just everyday what most people think of as plier pliers these are actually a slip joint plier notice the Jaws don't quite close you slip it over here on this side and for grabbing larger objects you slip it over for the other side now they close down cleanly also at the bottom you see the Jaws overlap like in cizer teeth and you could actually cut through wire if you had to with the bottom of the Jaws here it won't cut as well as these specialy pliers designed to cut but we'll we'll cut if these are the only pliers you have these are cutting pliers also these are not for cutting bolts they're not for cutting anything but what these are designed for these are wire cutters they are designed that's why they have the Curve head here to put a wire cable in there and to slice through copper wire for and if I ever see anyone cutting anything but wire with those they will be the devil to pay because it will destroy them and they're very expensive these are duck bill pliers because they have slightly extra wide Jaws quack quack I could get their name duck bill pliers these are especially p notice the noses they have little male shafts that stick out these are for called snap ring pliers and snap rings are circular Rings much like the drawing on the handle that have little eyelets in the end and these little tips go in those eyelets and as you squeeze down on them the the metal clip gets smaller and it comes out of its Groove these are for removing snap Rings these are some special pliers for removing spark plugs boots spark plug wiring they reach around the the insulation and grab the insulation and twist it these are some specialty pliers that have special Jaws for installing and removing piston rings on Pistons these are some specialty pliers for hose clamps on radiator hoses they have see if I can open these up they have rotating pads and the pads are notched to grab rings that have that that uh have little little ends like this these grab the ends and and squeeze and the uh Rings release off the radiator hoses these are special pair for again metal Clips these are for the type of clips that go around the shaft and you want to expand them with these flyers so they'll come off a shaft like that no holes in the end just the end of the Rings okay so those were some specialty these notice the long skinny nose needle noose pliers these are a shorter version of needlenose pliers and they have built-in Cutters so if you could cut wire with them these are some extra long needlenose pliers straight no Cutters these are extra long needlenose pliers with a bent shank for reaching in in these are the same thing except the ends have been bent 90° and here's some extra long ones and they have serrated Jaws in a circular shape for grabbing round things and twisting them now I've saved these for last there's been more confusion on this type of plier than any other they've been called monkey wrenches they're not monkey wrenches they've been called stilts and wrenches they're not stilts and wrenches they've been called channel lock again brand specific these are slip joint pliers pure and simple they have a joint you can move them to a certain place and you can slip them back and forth to control how far the Jaws open and close that's a slip joint plier same thing smaller version see the groove move it find a release Groove and you can adjust it for different size Fasteners slip joint pliers and one more thing we want to talk about when it comes to drills is you got to hold the drill bits in the drills and that is the job of this device here on the nose it's called a Chuck this is the most common type of Chuck today it's called a keyless Chuck and basically if you turn it clockwise which is normal way of tightening the internal Jaws close down grab the U drill bit and you just give it a good clockwise to lock it down you drill and then when you want to release it you grab the silver part with one hand the black part with the other and you twist counterclockwise to release the drill bit now if this is a Chuck a keyless Chuck what is a key Chuck and that's this little darling right here and you will still see these in a lot of applications as I turn it as I turn this ring just like the ring here you can see the three Jaws close down and as I turn it back you see them open up you insert the drill in there turn it down and close except with this one you can't tighten it enough by hand because you don't have an internal mechanism designed to cam latch down with this one you have to have something called a key see the holes see the round nose round nose goes in the hole then the teeth on the key rotate clockwise again to tighten as you rotate clockwise it will bring the Jaws down until finally you tighten it down you drill and then when you want to release it you reinsert the key and then you turn counterclockwise to open the Jaws this is a key choke and guess what lose the key the drill and the Chuck are no good do not lose the key that's why this one is on a Wire and it hangs up right next to where the drill is all the time so do not lose the key this you keep the key with the drill at all times and that's it and that students are your basic hand tools you will see in most shops I've identified them use the correct ones for the correct applications so go do your projects